Title: Trotskiy (1994) 6.4 /10. Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein on 7 November 1879 in Yanovka, Ukraine, then part of Russia. His father was a prosperous Jewish farmer. Trotskyism - Wikipedia. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Trotsky identified himself as an orthodox Marxist and Bolshevik- Leninist, and supported founding a vanguard party of the proletariat, proletarian internationalism, and a dictatorship of the proletariat based on working class self- emancipation and mass democracy. Trotskyists are critical of Stalinism, as they oppose the idea of Socialism in One Country. Trotskyists also criticize the bureaucracy that developed in the USSR under Stalin. Vladimir Lenin and Trotsky were close both ideologically and personally during the Russian Revolution and its aftermath, and some call Trotsky its . Trotsky was the paramount leader of the Soviet Red Army in the direct aftermath of the Revolutionary period. Trotsky originally opposed some aspects of Leninism. Later, he concluded that unity between the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks was impossible, and joined the Bolsheviks. Trotsky played a leading role with Lenin in the revolution. Assessing Trotsky, Lenin wrote, . Trotsky understood this and from that time on there has been no better Bolshevik. Cannon, an American Trotskyist, wrote in his History of American Trotskyism (1. In the 1. 92. 0s they called themselves the Left Opposition, although today's left communism is distinct and usually non- Bolshevik. The terminological disagreement can be confusing because different versions of a left- right political spectrum are used. Anti- revisionists consider themselves the ultimate leftists on a spectrum from communism on the left to imperialist capitalism on the right. But given that Stalinism is often labeled rightist within the communist spectrum and left communism leftist, Anti- revisionists' idea of left is very different from that of left communism. Trotsky and Stalin, despite being Bolshevik- Leninist comrades during the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War, became enemies in the 1. Leninism. Permanent revolution. On this day in History, Trotsky assassinated in Mexico on Aug 20, 1940. Learn more about what happened today on History. Click on a place to view Trotsky immigration records. The information for this chart came from the U.S. Immigration Collection at Ancestry. A site celebrating Leon Trotsky, aiming to provide an overall view of his ideas and struggles. It is one of the defining characteristics of Trotskyism. Until 1. 90. 5, Marxism only claimed that a revolution in a European capitalist society would lead to a socialist one. According to the original theory it was impossible for such to occur in more backward countries such as early 2. Russia. Russia in 1. The theory of Permanent Revolution addressed the question of how such feudal regimes were to be overthrown, and how socialism could be established given the lack of economic prerequisites. Trotsky argued that in Russia only the working class could overthrow feudalism and win the support of the peasantry. Furthermore, he argued that the Russian working class would not stop there. Iskra Research, publisher of Marxist texts in the Russian language on paper and on-line. Three paperbacks by Leon Trotsky: The Revolution Betrayed, The Permanent.They would win its own revolution against the weak capitalist class, establish a workers' state in Russia, and appeal to the working class in the advanced capitalist countries around the world. As a result, the global working class would come to Russia's aid, and socialism could develop worldwide. Capitalist or bourgeois- democratic revolution. Trotsky argued that these revolutions would not be repeated in Russia. In Results and Prospects, written in 1. Trotsky outlines his theory in detail, arguing: . However much one may compare the Russian Revolution with the Great French Revolution, the former can never be transformed into a repetition of the latter. The bourgeoisie then moved towards establishing a regime of democratic parliamentary institutions. However, while democratic rights were extended to the bourgeoisie, they were not generally extended to a universal franchise. The freedom for workers to organize unions or to strike was not achieved without considerable struggle. Trotsky argues that countries like Russia had no . By the time of the European revolutions of 1. It did not want and was not able to undertake the revolutionary liquidation of the social system that stood in its path to power. They fear stirring the working class into fighting for its own revolutionary aspirations against their exploitation by capitalism. In Russia, the working class, although a small minority in a predominantly peasant based society, were organised in vast factories owned by the capitalist class, and into large working class districts. During the Russian Revolution of 1. Czarist Russian state forces. This was to protect their ownership of their property. As a result, they are linked to and rely on the feudal landowners in many ways. Thus, Trotsky argues, because a majority of the branches of industry in Russia were originated under the direct influence of government measures. The capitalist class were subservient to European capital. In 1. 90. 5, the working class in Russia, a generation brought together in vast factories from the relative isolation of peasant life, saw the result of its labour as a vast collective effort, and the only means of struggling against its oppression in terms of a collective effort also, forming workers councils (soviets), in the course of the revolution of that year. In 1. 90. 6, Trotsky argued: The factory system brings the proletariat to the foreground . However, orthodox Trotskyists today still argue that the town and city based working class struggle is central to the task of a successful socialist revolution, linked to these struggles of the rural poor. They argue that the working class learns of necessity to conduct a collective struggle, for instance in trade unions, arising from its social conditions in the factories and workplaces, and that the collective consciousness it achieves as a result is an essential ingredient of the socialist reconstruction of society. Only fully developed capitalist conditions prepare the basis for socialism. Trotsky agreed that a new socialist state and economy in a country like Russia would not be able to hold out against the pressures of a hostile capitalist world, as well as the internal pressures of its backward economy. The revolution, Trotsky argued, must quickly spread to capitalist countries, bringing about a socialist revolution which must spread worldwide. In this way the revolution is . Milyukov waged a bitter war against Trotskyism . Petersburg Soviet during the 1. Russian Revolution. He pursued a policy of proletarian revolution at a time when other socialist trends advocated a transition to a . It was during this year that Trotsky developed the theory of Permanent Revolution, as it later became known (see below). In 1. 90. 5, Trotsky quotes from a postscript to a book by Milyukov, The Elections to the Second State Duma, published no later than May 1. Those who reproach the Kadets with failure to protest at that time, by organising meetings, against the . Original photo with Trotsky and Kamenev standing on the steps of the platform. Later, this photo was censored, under Stalin's orders, to remove Trotsky and Kamenev. During his leadership of the Russian revolution of 1. Trotsky argued that once it became clear that the Tsar's army would not come out in support of the workers, it was necessary to retreat before the armed might of the state in as good an order as possible. Stalin wrote: All practical work in connection with the organisation of the uprising was done under the immediate direction of Comrade Trotsky, the President of the Petrograd Soviet. It can be stated with certainty that the Party is indebted primarily and principally to Comrade Trotsky for the rapid going over of the garrison to the side of the Soviet and the efficient manner in which the work of the Military Revolutionary Committee was organized. As a result of his role in the Russian Revolution of 1. Permanent Revolution was embraced by the young Soviet state until 1. The Russian revolution of 1. February 1. 91. 7 revolution, and the 2. October 1. 91. 7 seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, who had gained the leadership of the Petrograd soviet. Before the February 1. Russian revolution, Lenin had formulated a slogan calling for the 'democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry', but after the February revolution, through his April theses, Lenin instead called for . Lenin nevertheless continued to emphasise however (as did Trotsky also) the classical Marxist position that the peasantry formed a basis for the development of capitalism, not socialism. Once the February 1. Russian revolution had broken out Trotsky admitted the importance of a Bolshevik organisation, and joined the Bolsheviks in July 1. Despite the fact that many, like Stalin, saw Trotsky's role in the October 1. Russian revolution as central, Trotsky says that without Lenin and the Bolshevik party the October revolution of 1. As a result, since 1. Trotskyism as a political theory is fully committed to a Leninist style of democratic centralist party organisation, which Trotskyists argue must not be confused with the party organisation as it later developed under Stalin. Trotsky had previously suggested that Lenin's method of organisation would lead to a dictatorship, but it is important to emphasise that after 1. Trotskyists argue that the loss of democracy in the Soviet Union was caused by the failure of the revolution to successfully spread internationally and the consequent wars, isolation and imperialist intervention, not the Bolshevik style of organisation. Lenin's outlook had always been that the Russian revolution would need to stimulate a Socialist revolution in Western Europe in order that this European socialist society would then come to the aid of the Russian revolution and enable Russia to advance towards socialism. Lenin stated: We have stressed in a good many written works, in all our public utterances, and in all our statements in the press that . First, if it is given timely support by a socialist revolution in one or several advanced countries. Trotsky's Permanent Revolution had foreseen that the working class would not stop at the bourgeois democratic stage of the revolution, but proceed towards a workers' state, as happened in 1. The Polish Trotskyist Isaac Deutscher maintains that in 1. Early Career. Trotsky was born of Jewish parents in the S Ukraine. His father, a prosperous farmer, sent him to Odessa, where he became an outstanding student in a German secondary school. He early became a populist, and he began to be attracted to Marxism in late 1. In 1. 89. 8 he was arrested for the first of many times. Exiled to Siberia in 1. Trotsky, the head jailer of the Odessa prison in which he had earlier been held. He went to London and collaborated with Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 1. Russian revolutionary, the founder of Bolshevism and the major force behind the Revolution of Oct., 1. Early Life... Click the link for more information. After the split (1. Russian Social Democratic party he was for a short time a leading Menshevik spokesman, but he later established an independent course, wavering for years between Bolshevism and Menshevism. Bolshevism and Menshevism, the two main branches of Russian socialism from 1. Bolshevik dictatorship under Lenin in the civil war of 1. Click the link for more information. Returning to Russia in 1. Trotsky became chairman of the short- lived St. Petersburg soviet and was arrested during its last meeting. While in prison, he developed his theory of permanent revolution; he declared that in Russia a bourgeois and a socialist revolution would be combined and that a proletarian revolution would then spread throughout the world. Banished again to Siberia, he escaped to Vienna, where he worked (1. At the outbreak of World War I, he went to Switzerland and then to Paris, where he was active in pacifist and radical propaganda. Expelled from France, he moved (Jan., 1. New York City, where he edited, with Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin. Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 1. Russian Communist leader and theoretician. A member of the Bolshevik wing of the Social Democratic party, he spent the years 1. Novy Mir . The daughter of a general, she early rebelled against her society... Click the link for more information., the paper Novy Mir . He was imprisoned by the Aleksandr Kerensky government but was released in September. He was one of the chief organizers of the October Revolution (see Russian Revolution. Russian Revolution,violent upheaval in Russia in 1. Causes. The revolution was the culmination of a long period of repression and unrest... Click the link for more information.), which brought the Bolsheviks to power. In Power. Trotsky became (Nov., 1. Lenin. He was a principal figure in negotiations for a separate peace between Russia and the central powers. In the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk. Brest- Litovsk, Treaty of, separate peace treaty in World War I, signed by Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, Mar. Brest- Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus). After the separate armistice of Dec... Click the link for more information. He became commissar of war in 1. Red Army in the civil war that followed the revolution, accomplishing the monumental task of welding an efficient fighting force from the tattered remnants of the czarist army and various disparate elements. It was during the civil war that enmity grew between Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich, 1. Soviet Communist leader and head of the USSR from the death of V. Lenin (1. 92. 4) until his own death, b. Gori, Georgia... Click the link for more information. In the trade- union debate (1. Trotsky clashed with Lenin by demanding strict state control of unions. But the two leaders were again drawn together as a result of the anti- Bolshevik Kronstadt Revolt (1. Trotsky directed. As Lenin's health declined, Stalin, more skillful in party infighting, gained prominence. As a result of the tenth party congress (1. Stalin was named (1. On Lenin's death (1. Stalin, Lev Kamenev. Kamenev, Lev Borisovich, 1. Soviet Communist leader. His original name was Rosenfeld. He joined (1. 90. Social Democratic party and sided with the Bolshevik wing when the party split (1. Click the link for more information. He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor party in 1. Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction after 1. Bolshevism and Menshevism)... Click the link for more information. Advocating world revolution, Trotsky came into increasing conflict with Stalin's plans for . The triumvirate, although shaky, firmly opposed Trotsky. Stalin refused to expel Trotsky from the party at this time, but he was dismissed as commissar of war in 1. In 1. 92. 6 Zinoviev and Kamenev belatedly joined forces with Trotsky in a desperate attempt to check Stalin's power. Trotsky was expelled from the politburo in 1. In Exile. In Jan., 1. Trotsky was exiled to Alma- Ata (now Almaty, Kazakhstan), and in 1. USSR. Refused admission by most countries, he was granted asylum by Turkey, where he lived on the Princes' Islands near . In 1. 93. 3 he was allowed to move to France, and in 1. Norway. In the public treason trials held at Moscow in 1. Trotsky was charged with heading a plot against the Stalinist regime. The accusations, which Trotsky bitterly denied, cloaked Stalin's real purpose of purging the party ranks of all who might prove disloyal to him. In Dec., 1. 93. 6, the Soviet government obtained the expulsion of Trotsky from Norway, and he settled with his family in a suburb of Mexico City. Ram. Among Trotsky's translated writings are The Defense of Terrorism (1. Lenin (1. 92. 5), My Life (1. History of the Russian Revolution (3 vol., 1. The Revolution Betrayed (1. Stalin (1. 94. 1), and Diary in Exile, 1. See biographies by I. Deutscher (3 vol., 1. Service (2. 00. 9), and J. Rubenstein (2. 01. I. Howe, Leon Trotsky (1. B. Knei- Paz, The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky (1. R. Wistrich, Trotsky (1. A. Glotzer, Trotsky: Memoir and Critique (1.
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