Evolution: Glossary A measure of the proportion of the carbon- 1. When an organism dies, however, it no longer takes up carbon from the atmosphere, and the carbon- 1. By measuring the carbon- 1. Because most carbon- 1. It cannot be used to determine the age of Earth, for example. Developmental geneticist with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and professor at the University of Wisconsin- Madison. From the large- scale changes that distinguish major animal groups to the finely detailed color patterns on butterfly wings, Dr. Carroll's research has centered on those genes that create the . Coauthor, with Jennifer Grenier and Scott Weatherbee, of From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design. A scientist and writer fascinated with the workings of nature. Her best- known publication, Silent Spring, was written over the years 1. The book looks at the effects of insecticides and pesticides on songbird populations throughout the United States. The publication helped set off a wave of environmental legislation and galvanized the emerging ecological movement. His Genetics of Domestic Rabbits, published in 1. Harvard University Press, covers such topics as the genes involved in determining the coat colors of rabbits and associated mutations. Cell size varies, but most cells are microscopic. Cells may exist as independent units of life, as in bacteria and protozoans, or they may form colonies or tissues, as in all plants and animals. Each cell consists of a mass of protein material that is differentiated into cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, which contains DNA. The cell is enclosed by a cell membrane, which in the cells of plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria is surrounded by a cell wall. The era of geologic time from 6.
A point on a chromosome that is involved in separating the copies of the chromosome produced during cell division. During this division, paired chromosomes look somewhat like an X, and the centromere is the constriction in the center. Cephalopods include squid, octopi, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses. They are mollusks with tentacles and move by forcing water through their bodies like a jet. In phylogenetic studies, a character is a feature that is thought to vary independantly of other features, and to be derived from a corresponding feature in a common ancestor of the organisms being studied. Similarly, a particular position in a DNA sequence is a character, and A, T, C, and G are its possible states (see bases.) The increased difference between two closely related species where they live in the same geographic region (sympatry) as compared with where they live in different geographic regions (allopatry). Explained by the relative influences of intra- and inter- specific competition in sympatry and allopatry. A structure (or organelle) found in some cells of plants; its function is photosynthesis. An acute infectious disease of the small intestine, caused by the bacterium. Vibrio cholerae which is transmitted in drinking water contaminated by feces of a patient. After an incubation period of 1- 5 days, cholera causes severe vomiting and diarrhea, which, if untreated, leads to dehydration that can be fatal. They are animals with a hollow dorsal nerve cord; a rodlike notochord that forms the basis of the internal skeleton; and paired gill slits in the wall of the pharynx behind the head, although in some chordates these are apparent only in early embryonic stages. A structure in the cell nucleus that carries DNA. At certain times in the cell cycle, chromosomes are visible as string- like entities. Chromosomes consist of the DNA with various proteins, particularly histones, bound to it. The order of events according to time. Clack studies the origin, phylogeny, and radiation of early tetrapods and their relatives among the lobe- finned fish. She is interested in the timing and sequence of skeletal and other changes which occurred during the transition, and the origin and relationships of the diverse tetrapods of the late Paleozoic. Synonym of monophyletic group. Phylogenetic classification. The members of a group in a cladistic classification share a more recent common ancestor with one another than with the members of any other group. A group at any level in the classificatory hierarchy, such as a family, is formed by combining a subgroup at the next lowest level (the genus, in this case) with the subgroup or subgroups with which it shares its most recent common ancestor. Compare with evolutionary classification and phenetic classification. The concept of species, according to which a species is a lineage of populations between two phylogenetic branch points (or speciation events). Compare with biological species concept, ecological species concept, phenetic species concept, and recognition species concept. Evolutionary biologists who seek to classify Earth's life forms according to their evolutionary relationships, not just overall similarity. Cladograms can be considered as a special type of phylogenetic tree that concentrates on the order in which different groups branched off from their common ancestors. The Superpower Lottery trope as used in popular culture. In a setting or team with Stock Superpowers, everyone in the cast has some power which is inevitably Please forgive the slightly worse video quality. This is due to long for more than 40 minute recording that much to detract from the quality of the image. Thank you for your understanding. This is the latest video. Missions in the 3D mode were released for Gold Members on August 09, 2011. Players without Gold Membership gained access to missions on August 24, 2011. The missions are activated by entering one of the five Outposts. A cladogram branches like a family tree, with the most closely related species on adjacent branches. A category of taxonomic classification between order and phylum, a class comprises members of similar orders. The arrangement of organisms into hierarchical groups. Modern biological classifications are Linnaean and classify organisms into species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and certain intermediate categoric levels. Cladism, evolutionary classification, and phenetic classification are three methods of classification. A triplet of bases (or nucleotides) in the DNA coding for one amino acid. The relation between codons and amino acids is given by the genetic code. Although long thought to have gone extinct about 6. Others have since been caught and filmed in their natural habitat. The term refers to any mental . The most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved. The study of adaptation by comparing many species. The tendency of the different genes in a gene family to evolve in concert; that is, each gene locus in the family comes to have the same genetic variant. A jawless fish that had tiny, tooth- like phosphate pieces that are abundant in the fossil record, these were the earliest known vertebrates. The process by which a similar character evolves independently in two species. Also, a synonym for analogy; that is, an instance of a convergently evolved character, or a similar character in two species that was not present in their common ancestor. Examples include wings (convergent in birds, bats, and insects) and camera- type eyes (convergent in vertebrates and cephalopod mollusks). Paleobiologist and professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at Cambridge University in the U. K. His research centers around the early evolution of the metazoans, and he is a leading authority on Cambrian and Precambrian fossils. Conway Morris established a link between the Ediacaran fossils, a Burgess Shale fernlike frond Thaumaptilon, and the modern seapens, colonial animals related to the corals. The evolutionary increase in body size over geological time in a lineage of populations. These tiny animals make calcium carbonate skeletons that are well known as a key part of tropical reefs. See separate creation. An assortment of many different, non- scientific attempts to disprove evolutionary theory, and efforts to prove that the complexity of living things can be explained only by the action of an . The end of this period is defined most notably by the extinction of the dinosaurs in one of the largest mass extinctions ever to strike the planet. A marine invertebrate animal belonging to a class (Crinoidea; about 7. They have a small cup- shaped body covered with hard plates and five radiating pairs of feathery flexible arms surrounding the mouth at the top. Sea lilies, most of which are extinct, are fixed to the sea bottom or some other surface such as a reef by a stalk. Feather stars are free- swimming and are usually found on rocky bottoms. Crinoids occur mainly in deep waters and feed on microscopic plankton and detritus caught by the arms and conveyed to the mouth. The larvae are sedentary. They arose in the Lower Ordovician (between 5. Palaeozoic limestones. At a genetic level, it produces recombination. A group of marine invertebrates with exoskeletons and several pairs of legs. They include shrimp, lobsters, crabs, amphipods (commonly known as .
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